1. The Sages¹In Chapter 1, Halachah 5, the Rambam attributed the composition of the text of all the blessings to Ezra and his court, the Anshei K'nesset Hagedolah. instituted other blessings²The previous chapters described the birkat hanehenim, the blessings recited in acknowledgement of the benefit received from food or fragrance, based on the principle, "it is forbidden to receive benefit from this world without a blessing." In this chapter, the Rambam mentions other blessings that are recited in connection with events, sights, or news that are out of the ordinary. By reciting a blessing over these occurrences, we focus our awareness on the Divine origin of everything that occurs in this world. and many other statements³See Halachot 19-25. that lack a p'tichah⁴The words, "Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the World," which are used to begin blessings. (See Hilchot Kri'at Shema 1:7 and commentary.) and a chatimah,⁵The words, "Blessed are You, God," which are used to conclude blessings. (See Hilchot Kri'at Shema, ibid.) as an expression of praise and acknowledgement of the Holy One, blessed be He⁶See Chapter 1, Halachah 4, which states that these blessings were instituted "to remember the Creator at all times and to fear Him." - for example, the blessings of prayer that we have already mentioned.⁷See Hilchot Tefillah, Chapter 7, which mentions the morning blessings. Among these [blessings are the following]:

A person who builds a new house⁸Rav Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Piskei Siddur 12:2) also mentions purchasing a new house. or buys⁹The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 223:4) states that the blessing should be recited when the article is purchased, and not when it is first used. One feels greater satisfaction when purchasing the article than when using it. new¹⁰This also refers to articles that are new for the purchaser (e.g., a used car). The world "new" is intended to exclude articles that were sold and repurchased (Shulchan Aruch, ibid.:3). articles¹¹i.e., garments or household goods (Mishnah Berurah 223:13). This blessing should be recited only on the acquisition of important articles, whose purchase brings one considerable satisfaction. See Shulchan Aruch (ibid.:6) and Mishnah Berurah (ibid.). should recite the blessing: "Blessed are You, God, our Lord, who has granted us life, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this occasion."¹²As mentioned in Halachah 7, this blessing is associated with "all benefits that a person appreciates alone." Similarly, it is recited in praise of God for allowing us to fulfill certain mitzvot. [This blessing is recited] regardless of whether he possesses¹³According to the Rambam, this refers to articles acquired through inheritance. If one has already purchased such an article, he should not recite a blessing. The Shulchan Aruch (ibid.:3, based on the decisions of Rabbenu Yitzchak Alfasi and Rabbenu Asher), however, states that the blessing should be recited even when he had purchased such articles before. similar articles or not.¹⁴This decision is based on the Rambam's analysis of Berachot 59b-60a.

2. Similarly, a person who sees a friend¹Tosafot, Berachot 58b, states that this refers to a friend who is dear and whose sight brings one satisfaction. after [not seeing him²The Mishnah Berurah 225:2 mentions opinions that maintain that if one has heard news of one's friend's well-being or received a letter from him during this period, the blessing should not be recited. Note, however, Rav Shneur Zalman of Liadi's Piskei Siddur 12:11, in which he negates these opinions, stating that a person feels genuine satisfaction only when he sees a friend face to face. for] thirty days [or more]³Thirty days is considered a significant period regarding various matters of Scriptural Law. should recite the blessing shehecheyanu⁴mentioned in the previous halachah. . If he sees him after a hiatus of twelve months [or more], he should recite the blessing "Blessed are You, God...⁵Although the Panim Me'irot states that the words "our Lord, King of the universe" need not be mentioned, the consensus of halachic opinion (see Mishnah Berurah 225:3) is that they should be recited. who resurrects the dead."⁶Berachot 58b states that just as a dead person is forgotten after a year's time, so, too, a friend whom one has not seen for such a period is as if he has ceased to exist.

A person who sees⁷Although from Bereishit Rabbah 29:2, it is clear that the blessing should be recited whether he eats the fruit or not, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 225:3) states that it is customary to recite the blessing before partaking of the fruit. a fruit⁸whether of trees or of the earth. For example, Eruvin 40b states the blessing should be recited over squash. that grows only in a specific season each year⁹The Ramah (Orach Chayim 225:6) states that the blessing should be recited even if the fruit has two seasons a year in which it grows. The intent is to exclude fruits and vegetables that grow throughout the year. should¹⁰Eruvin, ibid., emphasizes that we are not obligated to recite this blessing (Mishnah Berurah 225:9). recite the blessing shehecheyanu when he sees it for the first time.¹¹The Ramah (Orach Chayim 225:3) writes that a person who did not recite the blessing the first time he saw the fruit may recite the blessing when he sees it a second time. The Mishnah Berurah 225:13 supports this opinion, noting that, at present, it is customary not to recite the blessing until one partakes of the fruit. Nevertheless, should he taste the fruit without reciting the blessing, it should not be recited at a later time.

3. When a person hears favorable tidings,¹This halachah is complemented by Halachah 7, which explains that the blessing hatov v’hameitiv is recited when the positive nature of the tidings effect others as well as oneself. If the favorable tidings are individual in nature, the blessing shehecheyanu should be recited. The Rambam mentions hatov v’hameitiv in this halachah, because he is referring to - although not quoting exactly - the text of the Mishnah, Berachot 9:2. he should recite the blessing: "Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who is good and does good."²As mentioned in Chapter 4, Halachah 9, this same blessing is also recited when different wine is served during a meal. If he hears bad tidings, he should recite the blessing: "Blessed [are You...] the true Judge."³This blessing has the implication that, although one personally feels upset over the event, he realizes that since everything is controlled by God and He is "the true Judge":

a) the occurrence, however tragic, was just,b) ultimately, it is intended for the good. God, who is truly good, cannot be the source of evil.

A person is obligated to recite a blessing⁴Dayan ha'emet over undesirable occurrences with a positive spirit, in the same manner as he joyfully recites a blessing⁵shehecheyanu or hatov v’hameitiv. over desirable occurrences. [This is implied by Deuteronomy 6:5]: "And you shall love God, your Lord... with all your might." Included in this extra dimension of love⁶The Hebrew word translated as "your might," מאודך, is related to the word, מאוד, meaning "very." This implies that this is a dimension of love above the ordinary. that we were commanded [to express]⁷Loving God is one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. (See Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 2:1-2.) The verse cited above is the proof-text for that commandment. Thus, the mitzvah to love God includes this "extra dimension of love." is to acknowledge and praise [God] with happiness even at one's time of difficulty.⁸This halachah is based onBerachot 9:5. Because of the deep message communicated by that Mishnah, it is worthy to quote it and the Rambam's commentary upon it:

We are obligated to bless [God] for undesirable occurrences in the same manner as we bless [Him] for desirable occurrences. [This is implied by Deuteronomy 6:5]: "And you shall love God, your Lord with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might.""With all your heart": with both your inclinations; the good inclination and the evil inclination;"With all your soul": even if it takes your soul; "With all your might": with all your money. Alternatively, the expression בכל מאדך [can be associated with the words בכל מדה and interpreted to mean] for every measure that He deals you be very, very thankful to Him.

On this Mishnah, the Rambam comments:

[The Mishnah] states: In the same manner as one blesses Him for good... [i.e.,] he should accept them with happiness, overcome his feelings, and compose his mind when reciting the blessing Dayan ha'emet to the extent that he should appear in the same state as when reciting the blessing hatov v’hameitiv.Our Sages declared... "Everything Heaven does is for good."... Although many matters may originally look unfavorable, ultimately they will bring great good. Conversely, there are many things which, at the outset, appear good, and ultimately are very bad. Therefore, an understanding person should not become aggrieved when beset with difficulties... because he does not know the ultimate outcome.A person should concentrate his thoughts [on the following objective] and ask God [for it to be realized]: That everything that happens to him in this world, both positive and unfavorable occurrences, should be with the intent of bringing him the ultimate happiness, [a portion in the world to come].

4. When a desirable event occurred to a person or he heard favorable tidings, although it appears that this good will ultimately cause one difficulty,¹In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Berachot 9:3, based on Berachot 60a), the Rambam gives an example of such a situation: A person who found a lost object in Eretz Yisrael in Talmudic times. The Romans would punish anyone who did not deliver a lost object he discovered to the government authorities. Thus, one could ultimately be reported for having found a lost object and be forced to pay an exorbitant fine for it. Nevertheless, at the time the object is found, it is an obvious good. he should recite the blessing hatov v’hameitiv. Conversely, if a person suffered a difficulty or heard unfavorable tidings, although it appears that this difficulty will ultimately bring him good,²The Rambam (ibid.) exemplifies this situation as follows: A person's fields were flooded, damaging his crops. Although the fact that his fields were watered will ultimately prove advantageous, he should recite Dayan ha'emet, since, immediately, he suffered a loss. he should recite the blessing Dayan ha'emet. Blessings are not recited in consideration of future possibilities, but rather on what happens at present.³The Rishon LeTzion relates that the Rambam's choice of phraseology implies that even when one is certain that the opposite quality will ultimately become manifest, he should recite the blessing appropriate for the situation at present.

5. [The following rules govern the recitation of blessings for] abundant rainfall: If one owns a field [individually], he should recite the blessing shehecheyanu. If one owns it in partnership with others,⁴Rabbenu Asher maintains that even if one owns a field individually, if there are other Jews in the area who will benefit from the rain, he should recite hatov v’hameitiv. he should recite the blessing hatov v’hameitiv. If one does not own a field, he should recite the following blessing:

We⁵Significantly, this blessing does not begin: "Blessed are You, God...." thankfully acknowledge You, God, our Lord, for each and every drop that you have caused to descend for us. If our mouths were filled....⁶One continues, reciting the text of the Nishmat prayer recited on Sabbath mornings. They shall all give thanks, praise, and bless Your name, our King. Blessed are You, God, the Almighty, who is worthy of manifold thanksgiving and praise.⁷The Bayit Chadash and the Ramah (Orach Chayim 221:1) state that it is not customary to recite this blessing in European countries. Since rain is plentiful there, people do not appreciate it as much. Nevertheless, should there be a drought in these countries, this blessing should be recited (Mishnah Berurah 221:2).

6. When should the blessing be recited? When much water collects on the face of the earth, the raindrops cause bubbles to form in the rain that has already collected, and the bubbles begin to flow one into another.⁸Ta'anit 6b, the source for this halachah, describes this situation metaphorically, "when the groom goes out to greet the bride." (See also Berachot 59b.)

7. [The following blessings should be recited] when a person was told that his father died and that he is his heir: If he has brothers [who will share the inheritance] with him, he should first recite, Dayan ha'emet, and afterwards, hatov v’hameitiv. If he has no brothers [who will share] with him, he should recite the blessing shehecheyanu.⁹The same holds true for other circumstances that are, simultaneously, of both a positive and undesirable nature. For example, Ramah (Orach Chayim 223:1) mentions the recitation of the two blessings (shehecheyanu and Dayan ha'emet) when a man's wife dies after giving birth to a son.

To summarize the matter: Whenever a circumstance is of benefit to one together with others, he should recite the blessing hatov v’hameitiv. Should it be of benefit to him alone, he should recite the blessing shehecheyanu.

8. Four individuals are required to render thanks: a person who had been sick and recuperated, a person who had been imprisoned and was released, people who alight [at their destination] after a journey at sea, and travelers who reach a settlement.

These thanks must be rendered in the presence of ten people, of whom two are sages, as [implied by Psalms 107:32]: "They will exalt Him in the congregation of the people and they will praise Him in the seat of the elders."

How does one give thanks and what blessing should he recite? He should stand in the midst of the [abovementioned] company and say:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who bestows benefits upon the culpable, who has bestowed all goodness upon me.

Those who hear should respond: May He who granted you beneficence continue to bestow good upon you forever.

9. A person who sees a place where miracles were wrought for the Jewish people - for example, the Red Sea or the crossings of the Jordan - should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who wrought miracles for our ancestors in this place.

This blessing is recited wherever miracles were performed for many people. In contrast, in a place where a miracle was performed for an individual, that individual, his son, and his grandson should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who wrought a miracle for me in this place.

or "...who wrought a miracle for my ancestors in this place."

A person who sees the den of lions [into which Daniel was thrown] or the fiery furnace into which Chananiah, Mishael, and Azariah were thrown should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who wrought miracles for the righteous in this place.

A person who sees a place in which false gods are worshiped should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who grants patience to those who transgress His will.

[When a person sees] a place from which the worship of false gods has been uprooted in Eretz Yisrael, he should recite the blessing:

[Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe,] who uproots foreign worship from our land.

In the Diaspora, he should recite the blessing:

...who uproots foreign worship from this place.

In both instances, he should say:

As You have uprooted [foreign worship] from this place, so may it be uprooted from all places. And may You turn the hearts of its worshipers to serve You.

10. A person who sees a settlement of Jewish homes should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who establishes the border of the widow.

[One who sees Jewish homes that are] destroyed should recite the blessing, "the true Judge." A person who sees Jewish graves should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who created you with justice, judged you with justice, sustained you with justice, took your lives with justice, and ultimately, will lift you up with justice to the life of the world to come. Blessed are You, God, who resurrects the dead.

11. The following should be recited when one sees 600,000 people at one time. If they are gentiles, he should recite the verse (Jeremiah 50:12 : "Your mother shall be greatly ashamed; she that bore you will be disgraced. Behold, the ultimate fate of the gentiles will be an arid wilderness and a desolate land."

If they are Jews and in Eretz Yisrael, he should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, the Wise [who knows] secrets.

One who sees a gentile wise man should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has given from His wisdom to flesh and blood.

[When one sees] Jewish wise men, he should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has given from His wisdom to those who fear Him.

[When one sees] a Jewish king, he should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has given from His glory and might to those who fear Him.

[When one sees] a gentile king, he should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has given from His glory to flesh and blood.

12. A person who sees a Kushit or a person who has a strange-looking face or an abnormal limb should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has altered His creations.

When one sees a blind man, a one-legged person, a person with skin boils or white blotches, or the like, he should recite the blessing "the true Judge." If they were born with these afflictions, he should recite the blessing "who has altered His creations."

When one sees an elephant, monkey, or owl, he should recite the blessing: "Blessed... who has altered His creations."

13. A person who sees beautiful and well-formed creations or pleasant-looking trees should recite the blessing:

[Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe,] whose world is like this.

A person who goes out to the fields or gardens in the month of Nisan and sees flowering trees sprouting branches should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who did not leave anything lacking in His world and created within it fine creations and beautiful and fine trees so that they would give pleasure to men.

14. [When one perceives] any of the following: winds that blow extremely powerfully, lightning, thunder, loud rumblings that sound like large mills when they are heard on the earth, shooting stars, or comets, he should recite the blessing:

[Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe,] whose power and might fill up the world.

If one desires, he may recite the blessing:

[Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe,] who performs the work of creation.

15. Whenever one sees mountains, hills, seas, deserts, or rivers after a thirty day interval, he should recite the blessing "who performs the work of creation."

A person who sees the ocean after an interval of thirty days or more should recite the blessing:

[Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe,] who created the ocean.

16. A person who sees a rainbow should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who remembers the covenant, is faithful to His covenant, and maintains His word.

When a person sees the moon after it is renewed, he should recite the blessing:

Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who created the heavens with His word and all their hosts with the breath of His mouth. He granted them a fixed law and schedule so that they should not alter their tasks. They rejoice and are glad to carry out the will of their Creator. They are faithful servants whose work is righteous. And He instructed the moon to renew itself as a crown of glory to those who are borne [by Him] from the womb, who are destined to be similarly renewed and to glorify their Creator for the name of the glory of His kingdom and for all He has created. Blessed are You, God, who renews the months.

17. This blessing should be recited while standing, for whoever recites the blessing on the new moon at its appropriate time is considered as if he greeted the Divine Presence.

If a person did not recite the blessing on the first night, he may recite the blessing until the sixteenth of the month, until the moon becomes full.

18. A person who sees the sun on the day of the spring equinox at the beginning of the twenty-eight year cycle that begins on Wednesday night [must recite a blessing]. When he sees the sun on Wednesday morning, he should recite the blessing "who performs the work of creation."

Similarly, the blessing "who performs the work of creation" should be recited when the moon reaches the beginning of the zodiac constellation taleh at the beginning of the month when it is not pointing to the north or the south, when any of the other five stars [that revolve in separate spheres] arrive at the beginning of the constellation taleh and do not point to the north or the south, and when one sees the constellation taleh ascend to the eastern corner [of the sky].

19. When a person sees a settlement of gentile homes, he should recite the verse (Proverbs 15:25): "God will pluck up the house of the proud." Should he see a desolate settlement of gentile homes, he should recite the verse (Psalms 94:1): "The Lord is a God of retribution. O God of retribution, reveal Yourself." When one sees gentile graves, he should recite the verse (Jeremiah 50:12): "Your mother shall be greatly ashamed...."

20. A person who enters a bathhouse should say "May it be Your will, God, our Lord, to allow me to enter in peace and leave in peace, and may You save me from this and the like in the future."

When one leaves the bath, he should say, "I give thanks to You, God, our Lord, for saving me from fire."

21. A person who goes to let blood should say, "May it be Your will, God, our Lord, that this activity bring me a recovery, for You are a generous healer." Afterward, he should recite the blessing, "Blessed are You, God... Healer of the sick."

22. A person who goes to measure his silo should say, "May it be Your will, God, our Lord, that You send blessing to the work of my hands." When he begins to measure, he should say, "Blessed be He who sends blessings to this heap of grain."

If he asks for mercy after measuring [his grain], his prayer is considered to be in vain. [Similarly,] whoever calls out [to God] over events that have already happened is considered to have uttered a prayer in vain.

23. When a person enters a house of study, he should say:

May it be Your will, God, our Lord, that I not stumble regarding a point of law, that I not call something that is pure impure, nor something that is impure pure, nor call something that is permitted forbidden, nor something that is forbidden permitted, and that I not err regarding a point of Scriptural Law and cause my colleagues to laugh at me, nor my colleagues err and I laugh at them.

24. When one leaves the house of study, he should say:

I thank You, God, our Lord, that You have granted me a portion among those who sit in the House of Study and have not granted me a portion among those who sit on the street-corners.

I rise early and they rise early: I rise early to the words of Torah, and they rise early to fruitless matters. I labor and they labor: I labor for the words of Torah and receive a reward; they labor and do not receive a reward. I run and they run: I run to the life of the world to come, and they run to the pit of destruction.

25. A person who enters a metropolis should say, "May it be Your will, God, my Lord, to allow me to enter this metropolis in peace." If one enters in peace, he should say, "I thank You, God, my Lord, for allowing me to enter in peace."

When one desires to leave, he should say, "May it be Your will, God, my Lord, to allow me to depart from this metropolis in peace." If one departs in peace, he should say:

I thank You, God, my Lord, for allowing me to depart in peace. As You have allowed me to depart in peace, lead me [on my way] in peace, direct my steps in peace, support me in peace, and save me from the hands of the enemies and lurking foes on the way.

26. The general rule is: A person should always cry out [to God] over future possibilities, asking for mercy. He should thank [God] for what has transpired in the past, thanking Him and praising Him according to his capacity. Whoever praises and thanks God abundantly and continuously is worthy to be praised.